References — Endnotes & Bibliography

Endnotes

COLLECTED REFERENCES FROM THE ENGINEERING THE STAR WHITE PAPER

‡¹ Gamow, G. (1928). Zur Quantentheorie des Atomkernes. Zeitschrift für Physik, 51:204–212.

‡² Lawson, J.D. (1957). Some criteria for a power producing thermonuclear reactor. Proceedings of the Physical Society B, 70:6–10.

†³ Nevins, W.M. and Swain, R. (2000). The thermonuclear fusion rate coefficient for p-¹¹B reactions. Nuclear Fusion, 40:865–872.

‡⁴ Rostoker, N., Binderbauer, M.W. and Monkhorst, H.J. (1997). Colliding beam fusion reactor. Science, 278:1419–1422.

†⁵ Hora, H. et al. (2017). Laser boron fusion reactor: new approach. Laser and Particle Beams, 35:730–740.

‡⁶ Eliezer, S. et al. (2016). Avalanche proton-boron fusion based on elastic nuclear collisions. Physics of Plasmas, 23:050704.

‡⁷ Miley, G.H. and Murali, S.K. (2014). Inertial Electrostatic Confinement Fusion. Springer, New York.

‡⁸ Glasstone, S. and Lovberg, R.H. (1960). Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions. Van Nostrand, New York.

†⁹ Mather, J.W. (1965). Formation of a high-density deuterium plasma focus. Physics of Fluids, 8:366–377.

†¹⁰ Filippov, N.V., Filippova, T.I. and Vinogradov, V.P. (1962). Dense, high-temperature plasma in a noncylindrical z-pinch compression. Nuclear Fusion Supplement, 2:577–587.

†¹¹ Bernstein, M.J. and Hai, F. (1970). Evidence for separate ion and electron temperatures in a plasma focus. Physics Letters A, 31:317–318.

†¹² Lerner, E.J., Hassan, S.M. and Karamitsos-Zivkovic, I. (2023). Experimental evidence for the achievement of conditions needed for net energy in dense plasma focus devices. Physics of Plasmas, 30:122705.

‡¹³ Krishnan, M. (2012). The dense plasma focus: a versatile dense pinch for diverse applications. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 40:3189–3221.

‡¹⁴ Haines, M.G. (2011). A review of the dense z-pinch. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 53:093001.

‡¹⁵ Auluck, S.K.H. (2017). Global parameter optimization of the Mather-type plasma focus in the framework of the Lee model. Journal of Fusion Energy, 36:64–77.

¹⁶ Lee, S. and Saw, S.H. (2008). Neutron scaling laws from numerical experiments. Journal of Fusion Energy, 27:292–295. [Theoretically established — Lee model DPF scaling]

¹⁷ Lerner, E.J. et al. (2012). Fusion reactions from >150 keV ions in a dense plasma focus plasmoid. Physics of Plasmas, 19:032704. [Experimentally confirmed — DPF ion energies in Gamow window]

¹⁸ Klir, D. et al. (2015). Ion acceleration mechanism in mega-ampere current-carrying z-pinches. New Journal of Physics, 17:013039. [Experimentally confirmed — DPF ion acceleration mechanism]

¹⁹ Schmidt, H. et al. (1994). Plasma focus experiments with tungsten electrodes. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 22:1201–1208. [Experimentally confirmed — DPF electrode erosion and contamination]

²⁰ Soto, L. et al. (2010). Research in plasma focus devices at CCHEN. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 38:590–602. [Experimentally confirmed — small DPF repetition rate scaling]

²¹ Shan, B. et al. (2000). Development of a 1 kHz plasma focus device. Review of Scientific Instruments, 71:3492–3495. [Experimentally confirmed — high-repetition DPF demonstration at sub-MA current]

²² Hora, H. et al. (2010). Nonlinear force driven plasma blocks igniting solid density hydrogen boron fusion. Laser and Particle Beams, 28:217–222. [Theoretically established — beam-target enhancement in p-¹¹B]

²³ Moir, R.W. and Barr, W.L. (1973). Venetian-blind direct energy converter for fusion reactors. Nuclear Fusion, 13:35–45. [Theoretically established — direct energy converter design]

²⁴ Barr, W.L. et al. (1974). A preliminary engineering design of a venetian-blind direct energy converter for mirror fusion reactors. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2:71–92. [Theoretically established — engineering design of direct converter]

²⁵ Post, R.F. (1970). Mirror systems: fuel cycles, loss reduction and energy recovery. Culham Symposium on Nuclear Fusion Reactors, UKAEA, 88–111. [Theoretically established — mirror direct conversion concept]

²⁶ Kislov, D.I. et al. (2006). Direct energy conversion of fusion energy from mirror devices. Plasma Devices and Operations, 14:151–165. [Theoretically established — modern direct conversion review]

²⁷ Fowler, R.H. and Nordheim, L. (1928). Electron emission in intense electric fields. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 119:173–181. [Theoretically established — Fowler-Nordheim field emission]

²⁸ Schulz, L.G. (1954). The electrical properties of aluminum oxide films. Physical Review, 94:1063–1069. [Experimentally confirmed — Al₂O₃ work function engineering]

²⁹ Jungst, R.G. et al. (1990). High-voltage conditioning of electrodes for direct energy converters. Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology A, 8:3198–3204. [Experimentally confirmed — high voltage electrode conditioning]

³⁰ Hansen, N. and Ostermeier, A. (2001). Completely derandomized self-adaptation in evolution strategies. Evolutionary Computation, 9:159–195. [Theoretically established — CMA-ES optimization algorithm]

³¹ Kirkpatrick, J. et al. (2017). Overcoming catastrophic forgetting in neural networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114:3521–3526. [Theoretically established — elastic weight consolidation]

³² Dolan, J.F. et al. (1993). Repetitive dense plasma focus operation. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 21:610–615. [Experimentally confirmed — repetitive DPF operation]

³³ Rager, J.P. (1981). Plasma focus research in Europe. Springer Proceedings in Physics: Dense Plasma Focus. [Theoretically established — DPF operational review]

³⁴ Winterberg, F. (1968). On the ignition of a thermonuclear detonation wave by a focused relativistic electron beam. Physical Review, 174:212–220. [Theoretically established — repetitive pulsed fusion]

³⁵ Shafranov, V.D. (1966). Plasma equilibrium in a magnetic field. Reviews of Plasma Physics, 2:103–151. [Theoretically established — magnetic equilibrium and stability]

³⁶ Miley, G.H. (1976). Fusion Energy Conversion. American Nuclear Society, LaGrange Park. [Theoretically established — comprehensive fusion energy conversion reference]

³⁷ Post, R.F. (1987). The magnetic mirror approach to fusion. Nuclear Fusion, 27:1579–1739. [Theoretically established — mirror fusion and direct conversion review]

³⁸ Binderbauer, M.W. et al. (2015). A high performance field-reversed configuration. Physics of Plasmas, 22:056110. [Experimentally confirmed — advanced compact fusion device operations]

³⁹ Smirnov, V.P. (2010). Tokamak foundation in USSR/Russia 1950–1990. Nuclear Fusion, 50:014003. [Theoretically established — fusion development history]

⁴⁰ Hurricane, O.A. et al. (2014). Fuel gain exceeding unity in an inertially confined thermonuclear implosion. Nature, 506:343–348. [Experimentally confirmed — NIF fusion ignition milestone]

⁴¹ Gryaznevich, M. et al. (2022). Recent results from plasma focus research. Journal of Fusion Energy, 41:12. [Experimentally confirmed — current DPF research]

⁴² Laberge, M. (2019). Magnetized target fusion with a spherical tokamak. Journal of Fusion Energy, 38:199–203. [Theoretically established — alternative compact fusion approach]

⁴³ EIA (2023). Levelized Cost of Energy and Levelized Cost of Storage 2023. U.S. Energy Information Administration. [Theoretically established — energy cost comparison baseline]

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